If you’ve had more than one friend cancel plans due to a nasty “stomach flu” or “stomach bug,” they might actually have norovirus – which means you could be at risk, too. Norovirus can affect anyone, at any age. In fact, while norovirus outbreaks can occur all year long, they are most common November through April, per the Centers For Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
“Norovirus is extremely contagious,” says immunologist and microbiologist Andrea C. Love, PhD, immunologist, microbiologist, and advisory board member for PS’s Condition Center. The virus is so easily transmissible that “fewer than 20 viral particles can infect someone,” Dr. Love says.
Norovirus is not actually a “stomach flu” though, and has no relation to influenza viruses. However, its symptoms are similar. Norovirus is “characterized by violent vomiting,” explains Amesh Adalja, MD, senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins University Center for Health Security. “Diarrhea, fever, and muscle aches and pain can also occur, but the vomiting is the most impactful symptom.”
While there isn’t a vaccine or specific treatment for norovirus, norovirus symptoms can be managed at home. And of course, preventative strategies and knowing the signs and symptoms can help you avoid contracting the virus in the first place. Ahead here’s everything you need to know about norovirus, including how norovirus is spread, how to treat norovirus, and more.
Experts Featured in This Article:
Amesha Adalja, MD, is a senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins University Center for Health Security.
Andrea C. Love, PhD, is an immunologist, microbiologist, and advisory board member for PS’s Condition Center.
What Is Norovirus?
Norovirus is a very contagious virus and “the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (inflammation of the GI tract),” Dr. Love says. People of all ages can become infected with norovirus, resulting in severe vomiting and diarrhea, according to the CDC.
Unfortunately, you can get the illness many times throughout your life, as there are many different kinds of noroviruses. “Infection with one type of norovirus may not protect you against other types. It is possible to develop immunity to (protection against) specific types. But, it is not known exactly how long immunity lasts,” the CDC states.
Norovirus Symptoms
A person will typically develop norovirus symptoms within 12 to 48 hours of being exposed, according to the CDC. The most common symptoms include:
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- nausea
- stomach pain
“Norovirus is a virus that causes gastrointestinal illness,” particularly gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the stomach and intestines, Dr. Adalja says. It’s not uncommon for someone with norovirus to throw up or have diarrhea several times a day. This can also lead to dehydration. Other norovirus symptoms to watch out for include fever, headache, and body aches.
How Is Norovirus Spread?
“Norovirus is spread through close contact with someone who has norovirus, through surfaces contaminated with the viruses, or in the air after someone has vomited,” Dr. Adalja says. Fecal-oral contact and food and water sources can also be responsible for the spread of the virus, Dr. Love adds.
Outbreaks can be very common in high-density areas where people are in close quarters, like daycares and cruise ships, she says. Not to mention, “norovirus is the leading cause of illness and outbreaks from contaminated food in the United States,” per the CDC. So many of the outbreaks happen in food-service settings.
And even after you recover from the virus, you may still shed it in your stool for weeks to come. “So if proper hygiene is not implemented, that can propagate continued outbreaks,” Dr. Love says.
How Long Is Norovirus Contagious?
“You are most contagious when you have symptoms of norovirus illness or during the few days after you feel better,” according to the CDC. But some research, per the CDC, has shown you can still spread the virus more than 2 weeks after your recovery.
Norovirus vs. Food Poisoning vs. Stomach Bug?
It can be tricky, especially when people use catchall terms like “food poisoning” or “stomach bug” to describe symptoms that are also present with the norovirus. “It is very difficult to differentiate different gastrointestinal illnesses from each other, but the dramatic and sudden vomiting is something very specific to norovirus,” Dr. Adalja says. Also, other viruses tend to differ in symptoms and duration of illness.
“For example, norovirus symptoms typically are very short-lived, whereas rotavirus (another virus that causes vomiting and diarrhea) symptoms can persist for up to eight days,” Dr. Love says. Another differentiation: stomach viruses typically do not cause bloody stool, whereas bacterial infections due to food poisoning can in some instances, she adds.
Also, norovirus has an incubation period of 12 to 24 hours, whereas some cases of food poisoning can present symptoms within hours of consuming contaminated food products, Dr. Love says.
How Long Does Norovirus Last?
“For most people, norovirus infection usually clears up within a few days and isn’t life-threatening,” according to Mayo Clinic. That being said, the illness can be very severe for some, especially young children, older adults, those with compromised immune systems, and those who are pregnant. And in some cases, norovirus can result in dehydration, hospitalization, and death.
But again, the majority of people will recover within a few days.
If you develop diarrhea that doesn’t go away within several days or you’re experiencing severe vomiting, bloody stools, stomach pain, or dehydration, you should call your healthcare provider or consider seeking medical attention, per Mayo Clinic.
How Does Norovirus Impact Pregnancy?
Norovirus, as stated earlier, typically causes gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the stomach and intestines, resulting in diarrhea, headache, fever, vomiting, nausea, and headaches, according to UT Southwestern Medical Center. This can make someone who’s pregnant feel pretty miserable. But symptoms tend to pass within a week and, for the most part, don’t pose a significant health risk to the pregnant person or baby.
However, “if you can’t keep anything down, even clear liquids, it’s time to see the doctor,” per UT Southwestern. Your provider will want to make sure you’re not dehydrated and rule out other medical emergencies that can trigger similar digestive symptoms. “While fever isn’t typically a symptom of preterm contractions, abdominal cramping and even diarrhea can be signs of preterm labor,” the medical center reports.
Once it’s ruled that you have norovirus and/or gastroenteritis, your provider may recommend antidiarrheal or antinausea medications to provide relief.
Norovirus Treatment
Norovirus treatment at home is your best course of action. Unfortunately, there isn’t a specific medication for norovirus. There is no vaccine, either, Dr. Love says. Though, a clinical trial is currently in the works. Current treatment options typically involve managing symptoms at home and focusing on fluid and electrolyte replacement to avoid dehydration.
Norovirus Prevention
Good handwashing is key in protecting yourself against the spread, Dr. Adalja says. Make sure to wash your hands with soap and water, rather than relying on alcohol-based hand sanitizer as a cleansing method. Norovirus is what’s called a “non-enveloped virus, which means that it doesn’t have a lipid covering that some other viruses have,” Dr. Love says. Translation: hand sanitizer isn’t an effective way to combat the virus.
Besides that, you can aim to avoid the illness by steering clear of people with GI symptoms and cleaning commonly touched surfaces (yes, some Lysol products can actually kill Norovirus, per the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)). Properly washing clothing and bedding of individuals who’ve been recently sick, and practicing good food and water hygiene are crucial,.
Alexis Jones (she/her) is the senior health and fitness editor at PS. In her six years of editorial experience, Alexis has developed passions and areas of expertise around mental health, women’s health and fitness, racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare, and chronic conditions. Prior to joining PS, she was the senior editor at Health magazine. Her other bylines can be found at Women’s Health, Prevention, Marie Claire, and more.
